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Introduction
Energy flow in piping systems
Why optimize a piping system?
Energy losses in a piping system
Industry and government resources
Developing an optimization method
DOE case studies of successful optimization
Energy Assessments
ASME Energy Assessment for Pumping Systems standard
Assessment levels
How to organize a plant assessment
Prescreening your systems
System walk-through
Data collection
Analyzing plant data
Solutions to excessive energy use
Reporting and documenting
Motors and Drives
Motors as an energy conversion device
Energy loss in a motor
Motor efficiency standards
Motor power equations
Motor and drive calculation worksheet
Variable speed drives
VFD efficiency
Centrifugal Pumps
Theory of operation
NPSH and cavitation
Pump performance curve
Pump power equations
Energy loss in a pump and pump efficiency
Calculating pump operating cost
Pump affinity rules
Options for optimizing pump operation
Cross-validating pump and motor data
Pump calculation worksheet
Energy Losses in Pipelines
Forms of hydraulic energy and energy loss
Bernoulli Equation
Converting pressure to head
Calculating fluid velocity
Head loss calculations for pipes, valves, and fittings
Cost of head loss
Options for reducing head loss
Pipeline calculation worksheet
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Control Valves
Types of control valves
Energy profile through a valve
Flow coefficient equation
Control valve characteristics
Calculating the cost of throttling
Control valve calculation worksheet
The Piping System
Types of piping systems
Hydraulic performance of piping system devices
Component calculation worksheet
Use and limitations of the system resistance curve
System static and dynamic head
Understanding system process requirements
Effect of over-sizing equipment in a system
Methods of controlling a system
Cost comparison of control methods
Solutions for Excessive Energy Use
Reducing system static and dynamic head
Reducing system flow rates
Reducing system run times
Modifying system equipment and configuration
Replacing inefficient equipment
Developing an Assessment and
Optimization Method
Prioritizing systems by prescreening
Conducting a system walk through
Data collection and analysis
Identifying inefficient operation
Developing options for system optimization
Economically justifying optimization projects
Implementing system optimization
Monitoring and reporting results
Assessment Exercises
Prescreening
System assessments
System description
Maintenance and operational histories
Load profile & utility rates
Detailed equipment descriptions
Current operating conditions
Data collection and analysis
Identify high energy costs
Identify solutions
Economically justify solutions |